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Search — Models, OBD-II Codes, Oil Specs & Guides
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P0420 — Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
Oxygen sensor 2 (downstream) waveform mirrors upstream O2 sensor, indicating reduced oxygen storage capacity in the three-way catalytic converter.
P0171 — System Too Lean (Bank 1)
ECM has added more than +20% to +25% combined Short-Term and Long-Term Fuel Trim on Bank 1 to maintain stoichiometric λ = 1.0.
P0174 — System Too Lean (Bank 2)
Excessive positive fuel trim correction on Bank 2 cylinder bank.
P0172 — System Too Rich (Bank 1)
ECM is subtracting more than -20% fuel trim on Bank 1 due to excess fuel or restricted airflow.
P0300 — Random/Multiple Cylinder Misfire Detected
Crankshaft position sensor angular velocity fluctuations indicate combustion misfires across two or more cylinders.
P0301 — Cylinder 1 Misfire Detected
Crankshaft acceleration drop isolated to Cylinder 1 firing event.
P0302 — Cylinder 2 Misfire Detected
Combustion misfire isolated to Cylinder 2.
P0303 — Cylinder 3 Misfire Detected
Combustion misfire isolated to Cylinder 3.
P0304 — Cylinder 4 Misfire Detected
Combustion misfire isolated to Cylinder 4.
P0455 — Evaporative Emission System Leak Detected (Gross Leak)
EVAP monitor failed to pull or hold vacuum in the fuel tank vapor system, indicating a large leak or missing cap.
P0442 — Evaporative Emission System Leak Detected (Small Leak)
EVAP pressure decay indicates a pinhole leak (~0.040 inch / 1.0 mm equivalent) in the fuel vapor system.
P0128 — Coolant Thermostat (Coolant Temperature Below Thermostat Regulating Temperature)
Engine coolant did not reach target operating temperature (typically 82–90 °C / 180–195 °F) within the calibrated warm-up time and airflow integral.
P0401 — Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Flow Insufficient Detected
Manifold pressure or temperature change when EGR is commanded open is below expected threshold.
P0101 — Mass or Volume Air Flow (MAF) A Circuit Range/Performance
Measured MAF airflow g/s deviates from calculated speed-density airflow (RPM × MAP × displacement).
P0507 — Idle Air Control System RPM Higher Than Expected
Warm curb idle speed remains >150–200 RPM above target despite closed throttle.
P0113 — Intake Air Temperature (IAT) Sensor 1 Circuit High
ECM detects an open circuit (>4.9 V) on the NTC thermistor IAT sensor line, interpreted as -40 °C (-40 °F).
P0135 — O2 Sensor Heater Circuit (Bank 1 Sensor 1)
Current draw or resistance of the upstream air/fuel ratio sensor heater element is out of specification.
P0141 — O2 Sensor Heater Circuit (Bank 1 Sensor 2)
Downstream oxygen sensor heater circuit current out of normal range.
P0340 — Camshaft Position Sensor A Circuit (Bank 1 or Single Sensor)
Missing or erratic pulse train from Bank 1 intake camshaft Hall-effect or magnetoresistive sensor.
P0335 — Crankshaft Position Sensor A Circuit
ECM receives no RPM signal from the crankshaft reluctor wheel during cranking or running.
P0700 — Transmission Control System (MIL Request)
Informational flag set in the engine ECU indicating that the Transmission Control Module (TCM) has stored a specific gearbox fault code.
P0741 — Torque Converter Clutch Circuit Performance or Stuck Off
Slip RPM across the torque converter exceeds threshold when lock-up clutch is commanded engaged at highway speed.
P0299 — Turbocharger/Supercharger A Underboost Condition
Actual Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) remains significantly below target boost pressure for >4–5 seconds under load.
P2002 — Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)
Differential pressure sensor across the DPF detects abnormal pressure drop or soot pass-through.
P2138 — Throttle/Pedal Position Sensor/Switch D/E Voltage Correlation
Dual redundant potentiometers or Hall tracks in the Accelerator Pedal Position (APP) sensor disagree by more than the safety threshold.
P0011 — A Camshaft Position — Timing Over-Advanced or System Performance (Bank 1)
Variable Valve Timing (VVT) phaser did not return to target angle or remained over-advanced.
P0016 — Crankshaft Position – Camshaft Position Correlation (Bank 1 Sensor A)
Phase angle between crankshaft reluctor and intake camshaft exceeds mechanical tolerance.
P0087 — Fuel Rail/System Pressure — Too Low
High-pressure direct-injection (GDI/Common Rail) fuel rail pressure is significantly below commanded target.
C0035 — Left Front Wheel Speed Sensor Supply/Circuit
ABS/ESC module detects an open circuit, short, or missing pulse signal from the front-left wheel speed sensor.
B1000 — Electronic Control Unit (BCM/SRS) Internal Performance / Calibration
Body Control Module or Supplemental Restraint System controller detected an internal checksum, EEPROM, or voltage supply anomaly.
U0100 — Lost Communication With ECM/PCM A
Other CAN-bus modules (TCM, ABS, Instrument Cluster) stopped receiving periodic CAN frames from the Engine Control Module.
U0101 — Lost Communication With TCM (Transmission Control Module)
CAN-bus heartbeat frames from the Transmission Control Module are missing.
Engine Oil Viscosity & Standards Explained: SAE J300, API SP, ILSAC GF-6, and ACEA Sequences
How to match cold-cranking viscosity (0W/5W), HTHS shear stability, Low-SAPS ash limits (ACEA C2/C3/C5), and LSPI protection (API SP) to your engine.
Complete Automotive Fluid & Belt Replacement Schedule (15,000 to 120,000 km)
Preventive replacement intervals for engine oil, DOT 4 brake fluid, ATF/CVT/DCT transmission fluid, coolant, spark plugs, and timing belts.
How to Read Tire Sidewall Markings: Size, Load Index, Speed Rating, DOT Age & 3PMSF
Complete engineering reference for ISO metric tire sizing (e.g., 225/45 R17 94W XL), DOT manufacture week/year, and winter 3PMSF homologation.
Used Car Pre-Purchase Technical Inspection: Paint Thickness, OBD-II Live Data & Mechanical Checks
How to verify structural integrity with a coating thickness gauge (µm), detect recently cleared fault codes via OBD-II Mode $01/$06, and test powertrain health.
Understanding OBD-II Fuel Trims (STFT & LTFT): Diagnosing Vacuum Leaks, MAF & Injector Faults
Using Short-Term (STFT) and Long-Term Fuel Trim (LTFT) percentages at idle vs 2,500 RPM to pinpoint air/fuel ratio faults without guessing parts.
12V Battery (Flooded, EFB, AGM) & Alternator Testing: Cold Cranking Amps and Voltage Reference
Open-circuit resting voltage vs State of Charge (SoC), minimum cranking voltage drop, smart alternator charging ranges, and AGM/EFB replacement rules.
Torque Converter Automatic (AT), CVT, and Dual-Clutch (DCT/DSG): Fluid Specs & Longevity Rules
Engineering differences between planetary automatics, steel push-belt CVTs, and wet/dry dual-clutch gearboxes — plus exact fluid service intervals.
Engine Coolant Chemistry Reference: IAT, OAT, Si-OAT (G12evo/G13), and Asian P-OAT Standards
Why coolant dye color is not a specification, how silicate vs phosphate corrosion inhibitors protect aluminum blocks, and refractometer freeze-point testing.
ISO 3779 VIN Decoding & Safety Recall Lookup: WMI Country Codes, Check Digit & NHTSA / EU Gate
How to decode all 17 characters of a Vehicle Identification Number (WMI, VDS, VIS), verify physical stamping zones, and check open safety recalls.
WLTP vs EPA Fuel Economy Ratings: Converting L/100 km, US MPG & UK MPG + Real-World Aerodynamics
Why WLTP laboratory numbers differ from US EPA 5-cycle tests, exact conversion formulas between L/100 km and MPG, and how speed affects drag.
Long-Distance Highway & Mountain Road Trip Checklist: Tires, Spare Wheel, Fluids & Emergency Kit
Pre-departure inspection points 48 hours before a long highway journey: full-load tire pressures, spare tire inflation, brake pad thickness, and mandatory road safety gear.
Highway Breakdown & Collision Protocol: Scene Safety, Emergency Numbers (112 / 911) & European Accident Statement
Step-by-step roadside survival and documentation protocol: hazard lights, high-visibility vests, warning triangle distance, emergency call coordinates, and photo evidence.
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